Wasau utilized a community-based public-private partnership approach for lead service line replacement.

In 2025, the New York legislature introduced a bill setting a 10 year timeline for the state to replace all lead service lines, requiring water utilities to cover the full cost of private-side LSLR, and enabling occupant-permitted consent, and for LSL. S.6892/A.7878.

In 2018 the state’s Lead and Copper Rule required water suppliers to annually remove an average of 5% of LSLs in their system, effectively setting a 20-year timeline (p. 2).

This contracting guide highlights key contracting components that utilities should consider including in their programs to ensure funding is utilized effectively.

The National Center for Healthy Housing outlines how EPA’s updated Lead and Copper Rule mandates full lead service line replacement within 10 years, lowers the lead action level, and expands public education requirements—highlighting the critical role of public health agencies in community outreach and response.

This policy brief highlights strategies that utilities and/or state agencies should consider adopting to make informed, holistic decisions when spending money on LSL programs.

This policy brief highlights low or no-cost policies and practices that have proven successful for many water utilities, and can be replicated in an effort to lower the overall total price tag of lead service line replacement nationwide.

Elgin saved $1.2 million on its 2023 contract to replace lead water service lines, money that will be poured back into the city’s ongoing effort to remove pipelines at about 10,000 homes.

Milwaukee has used Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) funds to cover the costs of private-side replacement.

This primer highlights how Trenton allowed the use of photographs in lieu of in-person inspections by plumbing code officials (p.18)